Monetary Control Policy

Reserve Bank of India makes use of all those methods of credit control that are adopted by other Central Banks in the world.
These measures are as under RBI
Bank Rate: Rate of interest that the Reserve Bank charges from other scheduled bank on loans given to them is called bank rate.
Repo Rate: It was introduced in December, 1992 by RBI. It is the rate at which RBI lends short-term money to the bank against securities. It is currently is__
Reserve Repo Rate: It was introduced in November 1996. It is the rate at which bamk park short-term excess liquidity with on RBI. It is currently is___
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): It is the ratio of liquid asset, which all commercial Banks have to keep in the form of cash, gold an unencumbered approved securities equal to  Net demand and time deposits liabilities.
Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It is the amount of funds that the banks have to keep with the RBI. If the RBI decides to increase this rate the available amount with the banks comes down. RBI uses this method (increase of CRR rate), to drain out the excessive money from the banks.
Open Market Operation: It means that the bank controls the flow of credit through the sale and purchase of government securities in the open market.
Important points to remember:
Bank Rate, Repo Rate, Reserve Repo Rate:Cash Reserve Ratio. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) , Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)

Banking System of India & Reserve Bank of India

Banking System of India
A bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial services to their customers. A bank generally provides banking services such as accepting deposits and providing loans.
There are also non-banking institutions that provide certain banking services.
The following are functions of bank:
• To provide security to the savings of customers.
• To control the supply of money and credit.
• To encourage public confidence in the working of the financial system increase savings speedily and efficiently.
• To avoid focus of financial powers in the hands of a few individuals and institutions.
• To set equal norms and conditions (i.e.; rate interest, period of lending etc) to all types of customers.

Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Reserve Bank of India Bank of India is the Central Bank of our country. On the recommendation Hilton Young Commission, it was established on 1st April 1935 and in 1949 it was nationalized. Reserve Bank is the Central Bank of India. RBI (Reserve Bank of India) is constituted under RBI act 1934, and started functioning on 1st April 1949 with a capital of Rs.5 crore. Central Banking Functions are as under Issue of Paper Currency: The Reserve Bank is one nation’s sole note issuing authority. Indian Currency System: The Present Monetary system of India is based on inconvertible paper Currency and is managed by the Reserve Bank of India. The Present currency system is based on Minimum reserve system, of note issue. It was adopted in 1957 under the minimum reserve system, minimum of Gold and foreign securities to the extent of Rs.200 crore (of which Gold should be value Rs.115 crore) and the balance in rupees securities maintained.

Important Function of the Reserve Bank Of India
As Central Bank —————–Function————–As an ordinary Bank
Note issuing Authority —————————————Granting short-term loans
Banker of Government —————————————Recovering short-term loans
Banker’s Bank ————————————————–Buying/ Selling of bills
Collects and Publishes Banking Data ——————- Accepting Deposits
Custodian of Foreign Exchange Reserves———– Buying and selling of agricultural bills
Provision of Agricultural Credit ————————-Dealing with foreign Securities
Provision of industrial Credit—————————- Dealing with costly metals
Training Facilitation —————————————Dealing with banks of other countries
Controller of Credit
Clearing House Function

First Governor Of RBI:- Sir Osborne Smith
Current Governor Of RBI:- Dr. Raghuram Rajan.
Banker of the Government: The RBI deals as an agent of the Central and State Governments. It Performs various banking functions such as to accept deposits, taxes and make payments on Behalf of the government.
Banker of Bank and Lender of the Last Resort: RBI acts as a banker for all the commercial banks. All scheduled banks come under the direct control of RBI and follow the Rules and Regulation of RBI.
By performing the following functions, the RBI helps the member bank significantly.
• It acts as the lender of the last resort
• It is the custodian of cash reserves of commercial banks.

Type of Deposit

I. Demand Deposit:Customer can withdraw or deposit the amount as per requirement is known as demand deposit. For example: – Saving account & Saving Account
Saving Account: – Saving accounts are used for saving purpose by general people. Bank pay interest on the deposited amount, and limited transaction is allowed to the customer.
Current Account: – Current Account is used for business purpose; bank does not give any interest rate on the amount deposited in the current account. Unlimited transaction is allowed to the customer.
II. Time Deposit: – The amounts deposited for particular period of time are called time deposit. These deposits are repayable after the maturity of time. For example:-Recurring account, fixed deposit, Pension Deposit account and Cash Certificate.
Fixed Deposit Account: The amount is deposited for a certain period of time as per the bank. Generally the rate of interest is high and it cannot be matured before the maturity period.
Recurring account: – Recurring is opened by those customers who want to save regularly and for a certain period of time, minimum period of recurring account is 6months and maximum is 10years.
Minor Accounts: A minor is a person who has not attained legal age of 18 years. As per the contract Act, a minor cannot enter into a contract but as per negotiable instrument act, a minor can draw, negotiate endorse and receive payment on a negotiable instrument so as to bind all the persons expect him.

World’s Great personalities

Who’s who
Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1980- 1988) Also called “Frontier Gandhi” because he organized the people of the north-west Frontier Province(NWFP) of undivided India (now merged with Pakistan) on Gandhian principles. He was a staunch Congress man who called himself a solider of the freedom struggle. His admirers called him Badshah Khan. He was awarded as Bharat Ratna in 1987.
Arundhati Roy (b.1960) Noted Indian writer, environmentalist and social activist. She became first Indian to win Booker Prize for her book, The God of Small Things. She was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize in 2004.
Abdul Rehman Tunku (1903- 73) The Malaysian statesman, and the first prime minister, who negotiated with the British for the independence of Malaysia.
Abraham Lincoln (1809-65) The 16th president of USA, who succeeded in abolishing slavery. He was re-elected as president in 1864 and assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865.
Abu-Bakr ( AD 573- 634) Abu-Bakr, a leading general of prophet Mohammed, was the first Caliph of the Muslim empire and ruled from AD 632. He made Islam a political and military force in Arabia.
Abul Fazal (1561- 1602) The author of Ain-i- Akbari and Akbarnama. He was the celebrated Mughal court poet, and prime minister during Akbar’s reign.
Adolf Hitler (1889- 1945) The Austria- Born German dictator who influenced the course of history in the 20th Century. He served in the German army in World War I. He later founded the Nazi party and become Chancellor in 1933.

Recent News Abbreviation

ACD – Accredited Clients Program
ACTPN – advisory committee for trade policy and negotiations
AEO – Authorised Economic Operator
AFI – Athletics federation of India
AFSPA – Armed forces special powers act
AFSPA – Armed force special Power act
AIIB – Asia infrastructure investment Bank
AIM – Atal innovation mission
AOP – Air operator Permit
BDL – Bharat Dynamic Limited
BIFR – Bureau for industrial and financial reconstruction
BRC – Bank Realization Certificate
CAGR – compound annual growth rate
CARE – crew model atmospheric re-entry experiment
CCEA – cabinet committee on economic affairs
CCEA – cabinet committee on Economic Affairs
CCI – competitive commission of India
CCP – Custom Clearance Permit
CCTNS – Crime and criminal tracking network system
CEIB – Central economic Intelligence Bureau
CPCB – Central pollution Promotion Board
CPGRAMS – centralized public grievance and monitoring system
CRZ – Coastal regulatory zone
CSS – central sponsor schemes
DAC– Defence acquisition council
DAVP – directorate of audio visual publicity
DBT – Direct benefit transfer
DBTL – direct benefit transfer of LPG
DCCO – data of commencement of commercial operations
DGFT – Director General of Foreign Trade
DIAL – delhi international airport limited
DIPP – department of industrial policy & promotion
ECB – External commercial borrowings
ECIL – Electronic Corporation of India Limited
Eco Soc – Economic Social Council
EPIC – electro photo identity card
ETF – Exchange Traded Fund
EZs – Exclusion Zones
FFFAI – federation of freight forward association of India

FIBA – federation of international basket ball association
FIEO -federation of Indian exports Organisation
FIPB – Foreign investment promotion board
FIPB – Foreign Investment Promotion Board
FIU – Financial intelligence units
FMC – Forward Market Commission
FPIs – Foreign Portfolio Investors.
FPIs – Foreign portfolio investors
FRBM – Fiscal responsibility and budget management
FRP – Fair Price Remunerative
FTAAP – Free trade area for Asia-pacific
GAAR – General anti avoidance rule
GCTOC – Gujarat Control Of Terrorism and organised crime
GIFT – Gujarat international Finance tech-city
GIIC – Guizhou maritime silkroad international investment corporation
GMS – Gold monetized scheme
IAMAI – Internet and mobile assocaition of india
ICBM – Intercontinental ballistic missile
IEDs – improvised Explosive Devices
IFSC – international finance Service Centre
IGMDP – integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
IMEI – international mobile equipment identity
INDCs – Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
INSTC – International north south transport corridor
InvITs – Infrastructure Investment Trusts.
IPCC – International panel for climate changes
IREDA – Indian renewable energy development agency
IRNSS – Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
ISSF – international shooting sport federation
ITR – Income Tax Returns.
JAM – jandhan yojana aadhaar mobile number
LARR – land acquisition rehabilitation and resettlement
LCA – light combat aircraft
LEA – loss of ecology authority
MAI – Market Access Initiative
MAT – Minimum Alternate Tax
MEIS – Merchandise exports from India scheme
MEIS – Merchandise Export from India Scheme
MIAL – Mumbai international airport limited
MII – MAKE in INDIA
MPC – Monetary policy committee
MSP – Minimum support price
MUDRA – multi units development and refinance agency
NERPAP– National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme
NALSA – National Legal Services Authority
NASSCOM – National Association Of Software and Services Companies
NASSCOM – National Association of Software & Services companies
NBT – National Book Trust
NDB – new development bank
NDLM – National digital literacy mission
NDRF – National disaster response fund
NFC – near field communication
NFE – Net Foreign Exchange
NFTP – New Foreign trade policy
NGT– national green tribunal
NIIF – national investment infrastructure fund
NIIF – National Investment and Infrastructure fund
NJAC – national judicial appointment commission
NMDA – national disaster management act
NOFNP – National optic fiber network programme
NPCI – National payment commission of India
NRI – Nonresident Indian
NSFR – Net stable funding ration
NTCA – National tiger conservation authority
OCI – Overseas citizens of India
OMCs – Oil marketing companies
OPCW – Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OROP – One Rank One Pension
PAT – Profit After Tax
PCI – Paraolympic committee of India
PDMA – public debt management act
PHWRs – Pressurised heavy water reactors
PIO – person of Indian origin
PIT – Prohibition of insider trading
PMG – project monitoring group
POTA – prevention of terrorism Act
PSKs – Pass port seva Kendra
PSLCs – Priority sector lending certificates
QIP – Qualified intuitional placement
REITs – Real Estate Investment Trusts
RFA – Red Flag Account
RNI – Registate of newspapers of India
RPA – Rupee payment Area
RRAI – railway regulatory authority of India
SaaS – Software as a Service
SAC – Space Application Centre
SAI – sports authority of India
SAT– Securities Appellate Tribunal
SDRF – state disaster response fund
SEIS – Services exports from India scheme
SEIS – Service export from India Scheme
SETU – self employment and talent utilization
SLACC – sustainable livelihoods and adaption to climate change
SPV – special purpose vehicles
STC – State Trading corporation
STPs – sewage treatment plants
SWFs – Sovereign Wealth Funds
TADA – Terrorist and disruptive activities act
TFA – Trade Facilitation Agreement
TPO – Trade Promotion Organization
TRAI – telecom regulatory authority of india
TRANSLOC – Transport logistic corporation of India
TReDS – Trade Receivables Discounting System
UAC – Unit Approval Committee
UCC– Union carbide corporation
ULFA – United liberation front of ASOM
UPSI – Unpublished price sensitive information
VSAT – very small aperture terminal
WCO – World Custom Organization
WGEEP – Western Ghats ecology expert

Problem based on Blood Relation

Directions (Q.1 to 6): Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below:

A+B means A is the daughter of B.
A-B means A is the husband of B.
A*B means A is the brother of B

Q.1) If P + Q – R, which of the following is true?
a) R is the mother of P
b) R is the sister in law of P.
c) R is the aunt of P
d) R is the mother in law of P
e) None of these

Q.2) If P*Q+R, which of the following is true?
a) P is the brother of R
b) P is the uncle of R
c) P is the son of R
d) P is the father of P
e) None of these

Q.3) If P+Q*R, which of the following is true?
a) P is the niece of R
b) P is daughter of P
c) P is the cousin of R
d) P is the daughter in law of R
e) None of these

Q.4) If A $ B means “A is father of B‘ , A # B means ‘A is daughter of B‘ , A @ B means ‘A
is sister of B‘ ,
then how is K related to M in H @ K $ L # M?
a) Husband
b) Uncle
c) Father
d) Cannot be determined
e) None of these

Q.5) If A+B means A is the sister of B; A-B means A is the brother of B; A*B means A is
the daughter of B, which of the following shows the relation that E is the maternal
uncle of D?
a) D+F*E
b) D-F*E
c) D*F+E
d) D*F-E
e) None of these

Answer:
1.a) 2. c) 3. a) 4. a) 5.e)

Problem Based on Numeric Series

Directions (Q.1 to 5) In each of the following questions a number series is given with one term missing. Choose the correct alternative that will continue the same pattern and fill in the blank spaces.
Q.1) 4, 9, 13, 22, 35, ——
(1) 57
(2) 70
(3) 63
(4) 75
(5) None of these
Q.2) 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, ——
(1) 43
(2) 47
(3) 51
(4) 53
(5) None of these
Q.3) 15, 31, 63, 127, 255, ——
(1) 513
(2) 511
(3) 517
(4) 523
(5) None of these
Q.4) 5, 11, 17, 25, 33, 43, ——
(1) 49
(2) 51
(3) 52
(4) 53
(5) None of these
Q.5) 9, 12, 11, 14, 13, ——, 15
(1) 12
(2) 16
(3) 10
(4) 17
(5) None of these

Directions: (Q.6 to 10) In each of the following questions, one term in the number series is wrong. Find the wrong term.
Q.6) 125, 126, 124, 127, 123, 129
(1) 123
(2) 124
(3) 126
(4) 127
(5) 129
Q.7) 10, 26, 74, 218, 654, 1946, 5834
(1) 26
(2) 74
(3) 218
(4) 654
(5) 1946
Q.8) 1, 2, 6, 15, 31, 56, 91
(1) 31
(2) 15
(3) 56
(4) 91
(5) 2
Q.9) 3, 7, 15, 39, 63, 127, 255, 511
(1) 39
(2) 15
(3) 7
(4) 63
(5) 127
Q.10) 56, 72, 90, 110, 132, 150
(1) 72
(2) 90
(3) 110
(4) 132
(5) 150

Answer:
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (2) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (5) 7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (5)

Problem based on Coding-Decoding

Q.1) MP is related to HK, in the same way HK is related to _______?
a) CE
b) CF
c) CG
d) DG
e) None of these
Q.2) In a certain code MUMBAI is written as NFNYZR, how THANE is written in that code.
a) VMZSG
b) GSZMV
c) ENAHT
d) AHTEN
e) None of these
Q.3) In a certain code, DOMAIN is written as CNLZHM. How is STREAM written in that code?
a) RSQDZL
b) TUSFBN
c) UTSFBN
d) LZDQSR
e) None of these
Q.4) If PRISM is written as OSHTL and RUBLE is written as QVAMD. How will WHORL is written in that code?
a) XIPSM
b) VGNQK
c) UINSK
d) XGPQM
e) VINQK
Q.5) In a certain code, GARNISH is written as RGAINHS. How Will GENIOUS be written in that code?
a) NEGOISU
b) NGEOIUS
c) NGESUOI
d) NEGSUOI
e) None of these
Q.6) In a certain code COMPUTER is written MOCUPRET, in the same way PRODUCTS is written as
a) UDSTCORP
b) ORPUDSTC
c) PUDSTCOR
d) RODUCTSP
e) None of these.
Q.7) In a certain code TEMPORAL is written as OLDSMBSP. How is CONSIDER written in that code?
a) RMNBSFEJ
b) BNMRSFEJ
c) RMNBJEFS
d) TOPDQDCH
e) None of these
Q.8) In the word MELODRAMATIC, position of 1st and 7th letter is interchanged, similarly 2nd to 8th and so on till after arrangement. What is the position of 5th element from the right end?
a) E
b) G
c) K
d) M
e) None of these
Q.9) If “red means white” “White means black” “Black means yellow” “Yellow means green” “Green means blue” “Blue means indigo” then which of the following will represent the color of the “sunflower”.
a) Sky
b) Green
c) Yellow
d) Blue
e) None of these.
Q.10) If in the word, DOCUMENT, all the vowels are first arranged alphabetically followed by the entire consonant arranged alphabetically then which letter is fifth from right?
a) U
b) D
c) M
d) N
e) None of these

Answer:
1. b) 2. b) 3. a) 4. e) 5. e) 6. b) 7. a) 8. a) 9. b) 10. b)

India – A Land of Unity in Diversity

The history of ancient India is interesting because India proved to be a melting pot of numerous races. The pre-Aryans, the Indo- Aryans, the Greeks, the Scythians, the Hunas, the Turks, etc., made India their home. Each ethnic group contributed its might to the making of Indian culture. All these peoples mixed up so inextricably with one another that at present none of them can be identified in their original form. Different cultures mingled with one another through the ages. Many pre-Aryan or Dravidian terms occur in the Vedic texts. Similarly, many Pali and Sanskritic terms appear in the Sangam literature. Since ancient times, India has been the land of several religions. Ancient India witnessed the birth of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. But all these cultures and religions intermingled with one another. Although Indians people speak different languages, practice different religions, and observe different social customs, they follow certain common styles of life throughout the country. Therefore, our country shows a deep underlying unity in spite of great diversity. In fact, the ancients strove for unity. They looked upon this vast subcontinent as one land. The name Bharatavarsha or the land of Bharata was given to the whole country, after the name of an ancient tribe called the Bharatas. Our ancient poets, philosophers and writers viewed the country as an integral unit. This kind of political unity was attained at least twice during the Mauryan and Gupta Empires.

The unity of India was also recognized by foreigners. They first came into contact with the people living on the Sindhu or the Indus, and so they named the whole country after this river. The word Hind is derived from the Sanskrit term Sindhu, and in course of time the country came to be known as ‘India’ in Greek, and ‘Hind’ in Persian and Arabic languages. Efforts for the linguistic and cultural unity of the country were made through the ages. In the third century B.C., Prakrit language served as the lingua franca of the country. Throughout the major portion of India, Asoka’s inscriptions were written in the Prakrit language. Also, the ancient epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, were studied with the same zeal and devotion throughout the country. Originally composed in Sanskrit, these epics came to be presented in different local languages. Although the Indian cultural values and ideas were expressed in different forms, the substance remained the same throughout the country.
Hence, India has emerged a multi-religious and multi-cultural society. However, the underlying unity and integrity and the plural character of Indian society remain the real strength for the development of the country.

Question:1). How India emerged as a multicultural society and the same is successfully sustained over the centuries?(Explain 1000 words)

Indian History – Unity in Diversity

It is generally said that history has two eyes – one is chronology and the other is geography. In particular, a country’s geography largely determines its historical events. The history of India is also influenced by its geography. Hence, the study of Indian geographical features contributes to the better understanding of its history.
The Indian subcontinent is a well-defined geographical unit. It may be divided into three major regions:

1.The Himalayan Mountains,

2.The Indo-Gangetic Plains

3.The Southern Peninsula

There are five countries in the subcontinent – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. India is the largest among them and it comprises twenty-nine states and seven Union Territories. According to the 2001 Census, the population of India is over one hundred crores.

3.The Southern Peninsula

The Vindhya and Satpura mountains along with Narmada and the Tapti rivers form the great dividing line between northern and southern India. The plateau to the south of the Vindhya Mountains is known as the Deccan plateau. It consists of volcanic rock, which is different from the northern mountains. As these rocks are easier to cut into, we find a number of rock-cut monasteries and temples in the Deccan.

The Deccan plateau is flanked by the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. The Coramandal Coast stands between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The Western Ghats runs along the Arabian sea and the lands between these are known as Konkan up to Goa and beyond that as Kanara. The southernmost part is known.
As Malabar Coast. The passes in the Western Ghats like Junnar, Kanheri and Karle linked the trade routes to the western ports. The Deccan plateau acted as a bridge between the north and south India. However, the dense forests in the Vindhya Mountains makes this region isolated from the north. The language and culture in the
southern peninsula are preserved in tact for a long time due to this geographical isolation.

In the southern end remains the famous Palghat Pass. It is the passage across the Ghats from the Kaveri valley to the Malabar Coast. The Palghat Pass was an important trade route for the Indo- Roman trade in the ancient times. The Anaimudi is the highest peak in the southern peninsula. Doddapetta is another highest peak in the Western Ghats. The Eastern Ghats are not very high and have several openings caused by the eastward flow of the rivers into the Bay of Bengal. The port cities of Arikkamedu, Mamallapuram and Kaveripattanam were situated on the Coramandal coast.

The major rivers of the southern peninsula are almost running parallel. Mahanadhi is at the eastern end of the peninsula. Narmadha and Tapti run from east to west. Other rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra and Kaveri flow from west to east. These rivers make the plateau into a fertile rice producing soil. Throughout history, the region between Krishna and Tungabhadra (Raichur Doab) remained a bone of contention between the major kingdoms of the south. The deltaic plains formed by these two rivers at their mouths became famous under the Satavahanas. A number of towns and ports flourished in these plains in the beginning of the Christian era.
The Kaveri delta constitutes a distinct geographical zone in the far south. It became the seat of the Chola power. The Kaveri basin with its rich tradition, language and culture has flourished from the ancient times. As the southern peninsula is gifted with a long coastline, the people of this region took keen interest in the maritime activities. A great deal of trade and commerce went on through the seaways from the earliest times. In the east, mariners reached countries like Jawa, Sumatra, Burma and Cambodia. Apart from trade, they spread Indian art, religion and culture in these parts of the world. The commercial contacts between south India and the Greco-Roman countries flourished along with cultural relations.

Question: 

1). The geographical features of India.
2. The details of the Himalayan Mountains, the passes in the northwest and how they were used by the foreign invaders, traders and migrants.
3. The river systems of the Indo-Gangetic Gangetic valley and their impact on the historical events such as battles and emergence of urban centres.
4. The southern peninsula, the long coasts which contributed to a lot of maritime activities.