08 Oct
IPCI Info

Nobel Prize 2015

The Nobel was awarded “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”.


The Nobel Prize 2015 in Literature went to 67-year-old Belarusian author Svetlana Alexievich. The Nobel was awarded “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”. Ms. Alexievich is the 14th women Literature Laureate. Ms. Alexievich used the skills of a journalist to create literature chronicling the great tragedies of the Soviet Union and its collapse- World War II, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster and the suicides that ensued from the death of Communism.

08 Oct
IPCI Info

Basic Mouse Techniques

Generally the mouse has two buttons where one is the primary mouse button and the other is secondary. In windows, the left mouse button is set as primary button by default. The primary button is used to perform the majority of tasks whereas the secondary button is used to display shortcut menu for the current window application.

Term Meaning
Click To quickly press and release the primary mouse button to select a single item
Double- Click To click the primary mouse button twice in rapid succession to carry out an action after the item is selected.
Point To move the mouse until  the mouse pointer on the screen points to the item of choice.
Drag To press and hold down the primary mouse button while moving the mouse.
Drag- and –Drop Pointing to the item of choice, press and hold down the primary mouse button while moving the mouse. Release the mouse button on reaching the desired location to place the item

 

08 Oct
IPCI Info

Resources

Resources are used to manage windows and user defined objects . MS-Windows provides nine kinds of resources to application developers. These resources are icons, cursors, menus dialog boxes, fonts, bitmaps, char strings, user- defined resources, and keyboard acceleration.

  1. Icons and cursors: Windows define a few types of icons and cursors. An icon or a cursor is essentially a bit- mapped region that is used to represent and symbolize a window or cursor. A developer can also define an original icon or cursor using the ICONEDIT utility.
  2. Menus: Each window can have its own menu bar. A menu item can be a character string or a bitmap. Each item of a menu bar is in turn can have a pop-up menu presenting a list of option
  3. Dialog boxes: These provide another mechanism besides pop-up menu and menu bars to obtain information from the end –user. Dialog boxes are much more flexible than menu bars or pop-up menus. Dialog boxes usually contain group of child windows such as buttons, scroll bars, and editable fields. Just like windows, dialog boxes have a function that is used to process messages received from the user upon selection of options.
  4. Fonts: Windows provide a few families of font with different sizes and shapes: modem, roman, Swiss, Helvetica, and script. Application processors and desktop publishing can be defined additional fonts as needed.
  5. Bitmaps: They are used to represent icons, cursors, or draw picture on the screen. Both mono and colour bitmaps can be defined.
  6. Character strings: Character strings are handled as resources mainly to provide a manageable solution to internationalization of window application
  7. User defined resources: These can be used for any purpose and support any user defined data type. Any arbitrary data can be managed as a user- defined resource.
08 Oct
IPCI Info

Structure of a window

Since the window parts of many of the window based application software are common, this makes a person to understand and memories faster. You will see that the button to maximize or to minimize always appear on the right top corner in all the windows. Similarly the menu bar, the title bar, the control menu bar also appears at the same place for all the windows. This way if you get familiar to one window, you will get familiar with the other windows too as the meaning for each of the similar buttons remains the same. Depending upon the type of application all windows, however, may not have every element.

For the sake of simplicity certain parts, such as title bar and menu bar, are common for most of the windows.

Control-menu bar: It is in the upper-left corner of each window. Clicking on the Control – menu box opens the control menu. The Control menu can be used to move, size, and close a window while working with the  keyboard.

Title Bar: It shows the name of the application, document, or a folder name.

Menu Bar: It lists the available menus. A menu contains a list of actions or commands.

Scroll Bars: They are used to move through document or a list when the entire document or list does not fit in the window.

Maximise button: Clicking this button using the mouse enlarges the active window so that it fills the entire desktop.

Minimise button: Clicking this button reduces the window to an icon and arranges it to desktop. Minimizing the application window does not quit the application.

Restore button: The Maximize button is replaced by Restore button after the window is enlarged. Clicking this button returns the window to  its previous size.

Window Border: It is the outside edge of the window. The window can be resized by lengthening or shortening the border.

Insertion Point: It is flashing vertical bar that marks the place where text or graphics are to appear on typing or drawing

Mouse Pointer:  An arrow used for pointing items. It appears if the mouse is installed  on the system.

Client Area: Area inside the window which is under the application control.

Task Bar: The task bar contains the Start button, which is used quickly start program or to find a file. It is also the fastest way to get help. By default, the task bar and start menu are always visible when windows is running.

08 Oct
IPCI Info

Graphical User Interface

GUIs are systems that allow creation and manipulation of user interfaces employing windows, menus, icons, dialog boxes, mouse and keyboard. Macintosh toolbox, Microsoft windows and X-windows are some examples of GUIs.

The term “user interface” originated in the engineering environment in late 1970’s. Virtually every one who interacted directly with computers had been engineers and programmers, but new kind of users was emerging: the non-programming user. New forms of interaction was needed, new interfaces were required and the attention flowed to “the user interface”

 The GUI has become associated with common feature set available in a number of product offerings. Common features include:
– Secondary user input devices. Usually a pointing device and typically a mouse,
– Point and shoot functionality with screen menus that appear or disappear under pointing –device-control,
– Windows that graphically display what the computer is doing,
– Icons that represent files, directories and other application and system entities,
– Dialog boxes, buttons, sliders, check boxes and many other graphical metaphors that let the programmer and user tell the computer what to do and how to do it.

Today’s GUI’s have expanded basic functionality to support not only graphics but also dimensions, colour, height, video and highly dynamic interaction.

Common Graphical User Interface Terms:

  1. Pointing devices: Pointing devices allow users to point at different parts of the screen. Pointing devices can be used to invoke a command from a list of commands presented in a menu. They can also be used to manipulate objects on the screen by:
  • Selecting objects on the screen, or
  • Moving objects around the screen, or
  • Merging, several objects into another object.
  1. Bit-mapped displays: As memory chips get denser and cheaper, bit displays are replacing character- based display screens. Bit-mapped displays made up of tiny dots(pixels) that are independently addressable and provide much finer resolution than character displays. Bit-Mapped displays have advantages over character displays. One of the major advantages includes graphic manipulation capabilities, which present information in the final form on paper (also called WYSIWYG: What you see is what you get).
  2. Windows: When screen is split into several independent regions, each one is called a window. Several applications can display results simultaneously in different windows. The end-user can switch from one application to another or share data between applications. Windowing system have capabilities to display window either tiled or over-lapped. User can organize the screen by resizing the window or moving related window closer
  3. Menus: A menu displays a list of commands available within an application. From the menu, the end user can select operations such as File, Edit, View. Instead of remembering commands at each stage, a menu can be used to provide a list of items. Each menu item can be either a word or an icon representing a command or a function. Menu item can be invoked by moving the cursor on the menu item and selecting the item by clicking the mouse. When a menu icon is invoked it could cause other menus, called pull-down menus, to appear. Pull-down menus are used to present a group of related commands or options for a menu item.
  4. Dialog boxes: Dialog boxes are used to collect information from the user or to present information to the user. For example when printing a file, a dialog box is displayed to get additional information.
  5. Icons: Icons are used to provide symbolic representations of any system/ user defined object such as file, folder, address, book, applications and so on. A specific type of icon represents different types of objects. In some GUI’s documents representing folders are represented by folder icon. A folder icon contains a group of files or other folder icons. Double clicking on the folder icon causes a window to be opened displaying a list of icons and folder icons representing the folder’s contents.
  6. Desktop metaphor: In the desktop metaphor, users are not aware of applications. Users deal with files, folder, drawer, a clipboard and an out-box. Instead of starting the word processor and loading file, users merely open the report document, which implicitly invokes the word processor. Clicking the mouse on an icon representing the report cause word processor to get started and to load the report file implicitly. Today, several computing environments provide this capability.
08 Oct
IPCI Info

Formatting Paragraph

A paragraph mark is inserted each time while pressing Enter key. In order to change the formatting of a paragraph, select the paragraph and then apply the formats you apply. Paragraph formats affect the entire paragraph and new paragraphs keep the formatting of preceding paragraph. The various ways in which the paragraph formatting can be done is described in the following subsections:

Left, Right and Center  Alignment
– Left alignment means that text is lined up along the left margin.
– Right alignment lines up text along the right margin.
– Centered alignment means that text is aligned around a midpoint.
– Justified alignment means that text lines up along both margins.
– By default, the text in word is left aligned  these alignments can be changed.

Indenting text: Indenting a paragraph enables it to set off from other text.

To indent a paragraph automatically, drag the top half of the triangular indent marker or the ruler to the right to the desired position. Alternatively, you can select Format-> Paragraph and enter a setting in the first line Indent box in the paragraph dialog box.

To increase or decrease indents by one Tab stop, use the Increase Indent and decrease Indent button on the formatting toolbar.

To create a hanging indent ( an indent that sticks out beyond the top half of the triangular indent marker to the left to the desired position. You can also select Format-> Paragraph and enter a setting for the first line indent box in the paragraph dialog box that is farther left than the indent of the paragraph as a whole.

Left and right indent are measured from the left and right margins, respectively. The first line indent is measured relative to the left indent.

Tab Stops: By default, the Tab Stops are set at 0.5- inch intervals from the left margin. The insertion point can be moved to the next tap stop in the current paragraph by pressing the TAB key.

Line Spacing: Line spacing determines the height of each line of text in the paragraph. The default depends on the size of the font characters.  Individual line spacing is easy to change. Single spacing causes 12- point line spacing, 1  line spacing is 18 points and double lines will be 24 points apart.

Paragraph Spacing: Words enable each paragraph to give unique  before and after  spacing if you wish. The spacing settings can be in points (pt), inches (in), centimeters (cm), or lines (li).

08 Oct
IPCI Info

Adjective Common Error Practice Set-1

1) In spite of facing (A)/ much problems, he did not (B)/ desert the path (C)/ of honesty. (D)/ No Error (E)
2) Can you tell me how (A)/ many eggs and (B)/ milk he has brought (C)/ home? (D)/ No Error(E)
3) He did not (A)/ like to lend me (B)/ any book (C)/ or any money (D)/ No Error(E)
4) Her black long (A)/ hairs adds (B)/ glamour to (C)/ her looks (D)/ No Error(E)
5) This book is (A)/ undoubtedly preferable than (B)/ that in many respects and its printing (C)/ is also comparatively good. (D)/ No Error (E)
6) of the two (A)/ players, he (B)/ is the luckiest (C)/ be sure.(D)/ No Error(E)
7) You can trust (A)/ this agency (B)/ for the last news (C)/ of this week. (D)/ No Error(E)
8) Everybody knows (A)/ that Karishma (B)/ is most unique (C)/ actress of this college.(D)/ No Error(E)
9) She was curious to (A)/ know that it was that made (B)/ him stronger (C)/ and braver than any manof this village. (D)/ No Error (E)
10) A lots of Books (A)/ on English grammar are available (B)/ in the market but(C)/ this one is best.(D)/No Error(E)

08 Oct
IPCI Info

Women will soon fly fighter jets

Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha on Thursday said that the Indian Air Force (IAF) is planning to induct women into its fighter stream. Raha in his address on the occasion of 83rd Air Force day said that the IAF has mooted a proposal to the defence ministry and is expected to be cleared within a year. The proposal once cleared may take about three years of training for women to actually fly fighter jets. Raha’s announcement comes on the backdrop of his own statement last year when he had said that women are physically not suitable to take on fighter roles.

08 Oct
IPCI Info

Indo-German ties

Prime Minister Narendra Modi and German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Tuesday sought to give a new direction to bilateral ties by strengthening economic and business links as Indian and German companies signed five agreements and automotive giant Bosch announced Rs.650 crore investments in India.

Modi exhorted German industry to invest and ‘Make in India’ for a growing domestic market and huge export markets the world over, while Merkel exuded great confidence that ties would see a quantum leap.  Flagging the opportunities, ranging from building 50 million houses to setting up 100 smart cities, Modi said German investors and companies could also explore modernisation of the vast state-run railway network and stations to setting up of new railway corridors. “Generation of 175 gw (giga watt) of renewable energy to construction of transmission and distribution networks, national highways, bridges, and metro rails are among the investment opportunities beckoning the robust German industry,” he said.

08 Oct
IPCI Info

IBPS Exam Prepration Classes in Panvel

The Institute of Banking Personnel Selection conducts Common Written Exam (CWE) yearly. The recruitment in private, public, co-operative and rural banks in India is done with the help of this two-tier examination system followed by a rigorous interview procedure. Roughly, every year nearly 1.5 crore of students appear for this coveted exam. The CWE by IBPS is considered as one of the toughest exams to assess the knowledge of aspirants in aptitude at entry level banking jobs in India.
Join IPCI free examination training centre at dadar branch: Call 8080160826